The American Psychological Association
(APA) Format
If you are asked to use APA citation format, use the Publication
Manual of the American Psychological Association (5th
ed., 2001). This book is in the Newbury College Library's
Reference section at BF76.7 .P83 2001. This page is a summary
of APA style for the research paper.
For style tips on punctuation and grammar go to
http://www.apastyle.org/previoustips.html.
Handling Quotations
Short quotations
Quotations of fewer than 40 words should be incorporated
into the text and enclosed by double quotation marks ("").
Long quotations
Display quotations of 40 or more words in a double-spaced
block of typewritten lines with no quotation marks. Do not
single space. Indent five to seven spaces or 1/2 in. from
the left margin without the usual opening paragraph indent.
If the quotation is more than one paragraph, indent the first
line of second and additional paragraphs five to seven spaces
or 1/2 in. from the new margin.
Quoted material within quotations
Enclose direction quotations within a block quotation in
double quotation marks. In a quotation in running text that
is already enclosed in double quotation marks, use single
quotation marks to enclose quoted material.
Ellipsis points
Use ellipses to indicate that you have omitted material from
a quotation. Type three periods with a space before and after
each period to indicate an omission within a sentence. Type
four periods to indicate an omission between two sentences
(a period for the sentence followed by three spaced periods....).
Brackets
Use brackets, not parentheses, to enclose material inserted
in a quotation by some person other than the original writer.
Hand-drawn brackets are acceptable in typewritten manuscripts.
Quotation marks and other punctuation
When a period or comma occurs with closing quotation marks,
place the period or comma before rather than after the quotation
marks. Put other punctuation (e.g., colon, semicolon) outside
quotation marks unless it is part of the quoted material.
At the beginning of each trial, the experimenter said, "This is a new trial."
After the experimenter said, "This is a new trial," a new trial began.
Did the experimenter forget to say, "This is a new trial"?
General Forms
Periodical
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (1994). Title of
article. Title of Periodical, xx, xxx-xxx.
Periodicals include items published on a regular basis: journals,
magazines, scholarly newsletters, and so on.
Nonperiodical
Author, A. A. (1994). Title of work. Location: Publisher.
Part of a nonperiodical (e.g., book chapter)
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (1994). Title of chapter. In A.
Editor, B. Editor, & C. Editor (Eds.), Title of book
(pp.xxx-xxx). Location: Publisher.
Nonperiodicals include items published separately: books,
reports, brochures, certain monographs, manuals, and audiovisual
media.
Online periodical
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (2000). Title of
article. Title of Periodical, xx, xxx-xxx Retrieved month day,
year from source.
Online document
Author, A. A. (2000). Title of work.
Retrieved month day, year from source.
Your Works Cited List
Book--one author
Robinson, D. N. (Ed.). (1992) Social discourse and moral judgment.
San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Parenthetical Citation:
(Robinson, 1992)
Encyclopedia
Kazdin, Alan E. (Ed.). (2000). Encyclopedia of psychology
(Vols. 1-8). Washington, D.C.: Oxford University Press.
Journal article--one author
Mellers, B. A. (2000). Choice and the relative pleasure of
consequences. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 910-924.
Journal article--two authors, journal paginated by issue
Wallen, J., & Wilensky, G.R. (1994). Employer-based health insurance.
Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, 7(2), 366-379.
Magazine article
Kandel, E. R., & Squire, L. R. (2000, November 10). Neuroscience:
Breaking down scientific barriers to the study of brain and mind.
Science, 290, 1111-1120.
Daily newspaper article--no author
New drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure.
(1993, July 15). The Washington Post, p. A12.
In text, use short title for parenthetical citation:
("New Drug," 1993)
Articles from full-text databases
Brent, David (2007). Antidepressants and Suicidal Behavior: Cause
or cure? American Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 989-991.
Retrieved July 20, 2007 from PsychiatryOnline database.
Glutting, Joseph J., & Youngstrom, Eric A. (2005). ADHD and college
students: exploratory and confirmatory factor structures with
student and parent data. Psychological Assessment, 17(1),
44-55. Retrieved July 12, 2005 from PsycARTICLES database.
Madden, B., Lynn, J., & Emanuel, E.J. (1996, October 16). Care and
cost savings at the end of life. JAMA, 276, 1217-1219.
Retrieved May 29, 2002 from General Reference Center database.
Book from full-text database
American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision
(DSM-IV-TR). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric
Association. Retrieved July 20, 2007 from PsychiatryOnline
database.
Pedersen, Paul B. (2004). 110 experiences for multicultural
learning. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological
Association. Retrieved July 12, 2005 from PsycBOOKS database.
Citation of a work discussed in a secondary source
Give the secondary source in the reference
list; in text, name the original work, and give a citation
for the secondary source. For example, if Seidenberg and McClelland's
work is cited in Coltheart et al. and you did not read the
work cited, that is, Seidenberg and McClelland, list the Coltheart
et al. reference in the References. In the text, use
the following citation:
Text citation:
Seidenberg and McClelland's study (as cited
in Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller, 1993)
Reference list entry:
Coltheart, M., Curtis, B., Atkins, P., & Haller, M. (1993).
Models of reading aloud: dual-route and parallel-distributed-
processing approaches. Psychological Review, 100,589-608.
Internet--Individual Works
Li, X., & Crane, N.B. (1996). Bibliographic formats for citing
electronic information. Retrieved February 23, 1997
from http://www.uvm.edu/~xli/reference/estyles.html.
(Some sample citations exerpted from Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association)
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